16th Century

Box No.

No.

Description

Photo

Neg.

Slide

S-2

16-1

Badianus Manuscript, Plate 8, leaves and roots used for application to treat boils. p. 211.

1

S-2

16-2

Badianus Manuscript, Plate 78. Texcal-amatl chichic, or wild fig, was mixed with other roots, leaves, and barks, and the gall of a crow for treatment of rectal swellings. p. 287.

1

S-2

16-3

Badianus Manuscript, Plate 82. The root of Cuecuetz pahtli was crushed in wine and drunk as part of a series of treatments for recurrent fevers. p. 294

1

S-2

16-4

Badianus Manuscript, Plate 85. From left: Quauh tzitzicaztli, Te tzitzicaztli, Colo-tzitzicaztli, Patlahuac tzitzicaztli, Xiuh-tlemaitl were made into a plaster applied for joint pain. p. 296-97

1

1

1

S-2

16-5

Badianus Manuscript, Plate 113. Plants used for poultice applied for siriasis, an "inflammation of infants." p. 321

1

S-2

16-6

University of Padua, exterior view. Founded 1222 AD, it became the center of anatomical learning during the 1500s. Distinguished teachers and pupils from the school of medicine created a renaissance in medicine and laid the groundwork for modern medicine. Major, 327, 347

1

1

S-2

16-7

University of Padua, interior view. Major, 327, 347

1

S-2

16-8

University of Padua, interior view. Court and passageways. Major, 327, 347

2

S-2

16-9-A

Fracastorius, Hieronymus [Girolamo Fracastoro], statue, Verona. 1483-1553. Born Girolamo Fracastoro in Verona, his 1546 work, De contagione et contagionis morbis et curatione, comes close to expressing the modern conception of bacterial infection. On this statue erected in 1559 he is recognized for his Latin poem that recognized syphilis as a venereal disease.

1

1

P-3

16-9-B

Fracastorius, Hieronymus [Girolamo Fracastoro], statue, Verona. For more information see 16-9-A.

2

1

S-2

16-10

Delivery room, Frankfurt, 16^th century

1

S-2

16-11

Rosengarten, 1513, birthing chair. Woodcut from the 1513 edition of Eucharius Roslin. s Der Swangern Frauwen und Hebammen Rosengarten showing a birth chair with a sloping back that allowed a semi-recumbent position.

1

S-2

16-12

Birthing chair, De Partu Hominis, 1536. Frontispiece of De partu hominus, a 1536 edition of Der Swangern Frauwen und Hebammen Rosengarten published in Latin by Eucharius Roslin. s son of the same name. To the right in the lower woodcut is a delivery chair with a high back.

1

S-2

16-13

Birthing chair, De partu hominus, 1556. Woodcut from 1556 edition of Eucharius Roslin. s De partu hominus showing a birthing chair. The chair legs are joined by curved pieces of wood across the back and at the sides, and the backrest is an extension of the lower part.

1

S-2

16-14

Birthing chair, Giovanni Savonarola. The parturient woman sits on the lap of an assistant, who sits on a three-legged stool attributed to Giovanni Savonarola (1384-1461). This simple form of obstetrical chair was probably the most common type used in Europe in the Middle Ages. "Man-Midwifery and the Obstetric Chair," Martha Louise Selfridge, April 9, 1972, paper in Birthing Chair vertical file.

1

1

S-2

16-15

Birthing chair, Giovanni Savonarola, 1547. In this illustration the three-legged stool attributed to Giovanni Savonarola (1384-1461) serves as a seat for the assistant in whose lap the patient reclines. The assistant sits on the rounded knob behind, and the patient upon the forked part of the stool in front. Another assistant stands behind the two to support the shoulders of the seated assistant. "Man-Midwifery and the Obstetric Chair," Martha Louise Selfridge, April 9, 1972, paper in Birthing Chair vertical file.

1

1

S-2

16-16

Birthing chair, De conceptu et generatione hominis, 1554. Woodcut from the 1554 edition of De conceptu et generatione hominis, by Jakob Rüff (1500-1558). Next to Rosengarten, this was the most important obstetrical work of the Renaissance period. Ruff recommended a four-legged chair in the shape of a compass, with a backward-sloping back and a black cover over the lower part of the chair that allowed the patient to cover herself. "Man-Midwifery and the Obstetric Chair," Martha Louise Selfridge, April 9, 1972, paper in Birthing Chair vertical file.

1

S-2

16-17

Birth of Louis XIII, Rubens, 1577. The painting shows Louise Bourgeois, royal midwife in the court of King Henry IV in France, assisting Marie de Medici in delivering the future King Louis XIII in a crimson velvet obstetric chair. "Man-Midwifery and the Obstetric Chair," Martha Louise Selfridge, April 9, 1972, paper in Birthing Chair vertical file.

1

S-2

16-18

Jansen, Zacharias. Holland spectacle-makers Johannes Jansen and son Zacharias invented the microscope about 1590. They also invented the telescope in 1608.

1

1

1

S-2

16-19

Galileo. s thermometer. Galileo invented the spirit (alcohol) thermometer but called it a "scherzino". a little joke.

1

S-2

16-20

Pope Leo X, painting by Raphael, 1513.

1

S-2

16-21

Hospital of Jesus of Nazareth, Mexico City, plaque. In 1523-24 Cortes, the conqueror of Mexico, built the "Hospital de la Purisima Concepcion" (now known as the Jesus Nazareno) in Mexico City. Major, 744

1

S-2

16-22

Hospital of Jesus of Nazareth, Mexico City, courtyard. In 1523-24 Cortes, the conqueror of Mexico, built the "Hospital de la Purisima Concepcion" (now known as the Jesus Nazareno) in Mexico City. Major, 744

1

S-2

16-23

Grand Master. s Palace, Malta, 1959. Major, "The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem," Ralph Major vertical file.

1

S-2

16-24

Hospital of the Knights of St. John, Malta Valletta, moat and well, 1959. The "Knights of St. John," an order of monks, were the first important nursing order. King Charles V gave the Knights the island of Malta in about 1529. The order then built the Sacra Infermeria di Malta, which became one of the most famous hospitals of the world, and became popularly known as the Knights of Malta. Major, "The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem," Ralph Major vertical file.

1

S-2

16-25

Grand Master. s Palace, Malta, courtyard, 1959. Major, "The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem," Ralph Major vertical file.

1

S-2

16-26

Grand Master. s Palace, Valletta, Malta, Governor of Malta Guy Grantham. Major, "The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem," Ralph Major vertical file.

1

S-2

16-27

Catacombs, Palermo. The catacombs were begun in 1599 when the Capuchin monks mummified one of their members to pray for him after death. Locals then demanded that their relatives by mummified for the same reason.

1

S-2

16-28

"Lamp of Galileo." Chandelier at the Cathedral of Pisa from which Galileo devised his law of the isochronism of the pendulum. By counting his pulse he discovered that the chandelier swung in regular rhythm.

1

S-2

16-29

Cesalpino, Andrea, statue. Cesalpino (1524-1603), in his 1571 work Quaestionum peripateticarum on the circulation of the blood, was the first medical author to use the term "circulation." Major, 492

1

1

S-2

16-30

University of Padua, exterior view, another angle of 16-6-S. Major, 327, 347

1

S-2

16-31

Compound microscope invented by Zacharias Jansen, c. 1590. See Disney, p. 102

1

1

1

P-3

16-32

Anatomy, figure in Margarita philosophica. Gregory Reisch, Strassburg, Schott, 1503. Well-known encyclopedia of all sciences with a number of diagrammatic anatomic illustrations. Shows the diagrammatic crudity of most anatomical illustrations of the period. Major, 398

1

1

P-3

16-33

Amputation, first illustration of, Feldtbuch der Wundartzney, Hans von Gerssdorff [sic], 1517. This work on surgery contained numerous woodcuts, partly anatomical, partly surgical. The latter showed graphically how operations were performed. Gerssdorff [sic] concentrated on traumatic surgery and wounds, showing the extraction of arrows and bullets. Major, 435

1

1

P-3

16-34

Leprosy, diagnosing. Possibly from Feldtbuch der Wundartzney, Hans von Gersdorff, 1517. See 16-33-P

1

1

P-3

16-35

Surgery: removing arrow from chest in battlefield. Possibly from Feldtbuch der Wundartzney, Hans von Gersdorff, 1517

1

P-3

16-36

Battlefield injuries. "Wundenmann aus Eyn gut [well] artzney" ca. 1525

1

1

P-3

16-37

Battlefield injuries. "Wundenmann aus dem (in the) Feldtbuch der Wundartzney, 1517, bei Johann Schott in Strasburg." Schott is artist?

1

1

P-3

16-38

Spleen, Albrecht Dürer's diagnostic self-portrait denoting. Dürer sent his physician a note with this sketch in colors, the location of the spleen in yellow. The note indicates that he is experiencing pain in the location of the yellow spot. Major, 393

2

P-3

16-39

"The Dancing Mania." Pieter Brueghel the Elder, 1564, Albertinium, Vienna. Also called the dance of St. John or St. Vitus, probably a form of mass hysteria. Large crowds formed circles and danced in wild delirium for hours. It began as early as 1374 in Aachen. Major, 346

5

2

P-3

16-40

Lange, Johannes, 1589. Lange (1485-1565), served as chief physician to the Elector of the Palatinate for more than 40 years. His Epistolae medicinales, published in 1544, contains the earliest published account of chlorosis. Major, 465

1

1

P-3

16-41

Exorcism, 16^th century, woodcut. On back of photo is written "Chapter 9"

1

P-3

16-42

Stigmata, Bloody Boy of Augsburg, 1588. Broadside, Chapter 6, from unknown book.

1

P-3

16-43

Astrological bleeding calendar. Johannes Adelphus, Mundini de omnibus humani corporis. . . Anathomia, Strassburg, 1513.

2

P-3

16-44

Astrological bleeding calendar

1

P-3

16-45

Fetus in utero. In Der Swangern Frawen und Hebammen Rosegarten, Eucharius Rösslin, 1513. Major, 367

1

P-3

16-46

Anatomy, illustration from Dürer. s Human Proportion. Dürer, Albrecht, Vier Bücher von menschlicher Proportion, Nürnberg, Formschneider, 1528. Major, 391

1

P-3

16-47

Brain, illustration of the "Cerebral Cells" from Margarita Philosophica of Gregory Reisch, 1503. Major, 397

1

P-3

16-48

Intestine, iIllustration of from Johann Eichmann. s (aka Johann Dryander) Anatomia Mundini, 1541. First known illustration of the vermiform appendix. Major, 402

2

P-3

16-49

Bath of Plombières, from De Balneis, Venice, Junta, 1553. Public baths, which had been popular throughout Europe since the time of the Roman Empire, were active in the spread of syphilis and many had to be closed. Major, 370

1

P-3

16-50

William Fabry of Hilden, often called the "Father of German Surgery." 1560-1634. The first educated and scientific German surgeon and author of 20 medical books. His Observationum et curationum chirurgicarum centuriae, 1641, is the best collection of case records of the century and gives clear insight into the variety and methods of his surgical practice. Major, 442

1

P-3

16-51

Cataract extraction, from Georg Bartisch, das ist Augendienst, 1583. Major, 441-42

1

2

P-3

16-52

Brain surgery, Buch der Cirurgia Hantwirckung der Wundartzny, Hieronymus Brunschwig, 1525

1

P-3

16-53

Urinalysis: Christ with bottle of urine, engraving, Holland

1

P-3

16-54

Erasmus, Desiderius, portrait. Erasmus was the era. s foremost humanist and literary man and his works were the first best-sellers in history.

1

P-3

16-55

Erasmus, Desiderius, standing on monument

1

P-3

16-56

Erasmus, Desiderius, house where born

1

P-3

16-57

Erasmus, Desiderius, building in Queens College, Cambridge where he had his room

1

P-3

16-58

More, Sir Thomas (1478-1535), Lord Chancellor of England. Family of?

1

P-3

16-59

Froben, Johann, one of the greatest printers of his time.

1

P-3

16-60

Pellagra, illustration of man with. Date is very approximate.

1

P-3

16-61

Dwarf, portrait, with Charles-Emmanuel, Spain? Date is very approximate.

1

1

P-3

16-62

Badianus Manuscript, Plate 53, xaxocotl (sand sour fruit), ingredient in a mixture used as a suppository to cure dysentery. p. 257.

2

1

P-3

16-63

Muscle structure, plate 2 from De Humanis Corporis Frabrica (On the fabric of the human body), Andreas Vesalius, 1543. Major, 404, 471, 515

1

P-3

16-64

Skeleton, side view, illustration from De Humanis Corporis Frabrica (On the fabric of the human body), Andreas Vesalius, 1543.

1

P-3

16-65

Vesalius, Andreas, with patient, illustration. Major, 404, 471, 515

1

P-3

16-66

Vesalius, Andreas, in Padua in 1546, painting by E. J. C. Hamman, 1859. Major, 404, 471, 515

1

P-3

16-67

Linacre, Thomas. Major, 447

1

1

P-3

16-68

Mayow, John, frontispiece to Tractatus Quinque, Oxford, 1674. Major, 519-21

1

1

P-3

16-69

Sylvius, Jacobus (aka Jacques Dubois) 1478-1555. Major, 417-19

1

P-3

16-70

Baillou, Guillaume de (1538-1616). Major, 423-24

2

P-3

16-71

Hand, artificial, described in Dix Livres de la Chirurgie, Ambroise Paré, 1564. Major, 428. Negative also shows the back of the hand.

1

1

P-3

16-72-A

Anatomy, illustration of chest area in De dissectione partium corporis humani, Charles Estienne, 1545. Major, 402-03

1

1

P-3

16-72-B

Anatomy, illustration of chest area in De dissectione partium corporis humani, Charles Estienne, 1545. Major, 402-03

1

P-3

16-73

Anatomy, illustration of skeleton in De dissectione partium corporis humani, Charles Estienne, 1545. Major, 402-03

1

1

P-3

16-74

Leg, artificial, described in Dix LIvres de la Chirurgie, Ambroise Paré, 1564. Major, 428

1

P-3

16-75

Rhinoplasty, De Curtorum chirurgia per insitionem, Gasparo Tagliacozzi, 1597. Major, 444

1

1

P-3

16-76

Cesalpino, Andrea. Cesalpino (1524-1603), in his 1571 work Quaestionum peripateticarum on the circulation of the blood, was the first medical author to use the term "circulation." Major, 492

1

P-3

16-77

Fracastorius, Hieronymus [Girolamo Fracastoro], 1483-1553. Major, 377, 465

1

P-3

16-78

Sylvius, Jacobus (aka Jacques Dubois) 1478-1555. Major, 417-19

2

P-3

16-79

Vesalius, Andreas. Major, 404, 471, 515

1

P-3

16-80

Paracelsus, aged 24, 1517, portrait in the Louvre. Major, 384-93

1

P-3

16-81

Tagliacozzi, Gasparo, portrait; attributed to Louis Carrache. Major, 444, 476

1

P-3

16-82

Tagliacozzi, Gasparo, portrait. by unknown painter, in University Library, Bologna. Major, 444, 476

1

P-3

16-83

Tagliacozzi, Gasparo, portrait in University Library, Bologna. Major, 444, 476

3

P-3

16-84

Tagliacozzi, Gasparo, statue in wood by Silvestro Giannotti, 1734. Major, 444, 476

1

1

P-3

16-85-A

Fabricius ab Aquapendente, statue. Major, 412, 413

3

P-3

16-85-B

Fabricius ab Aquapendente, statue. Major, 412, 413

2

P-3

16-86

Falloppio, Gabriele, portrait. Major, 410-11

1

P-3

16-87

Paracelsus, aged 47. Major, 384-93

1

P-3

16-88

Redi, Francesco (1626-97), statue. In 1666 Grand Duke Ferdinando II appointed Redi as his First Physician and director of the grand-ducal "Spezieria" (Pharmacy): positions in which he was confirmed by Cosimo III in 1670, when he became Grand Duke. Redi spent much of his life at the Medici's Court and was, after Galileo, a unique example of scientist and courtier. http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/multi/redi/ecenni.html

1

P-3

16-89

Musculature of human body, from Berengario da Carpi, Jacopo, Isagogae Breves, Bolgna, Benedictus Hectoris, 1523. Major, 398-99

1

P-3

16-90

Brain, anatomy of, from Charles Estienne, De dissectione partium corporis humani, Paris, Colin, 1545. Major, 402. 4

1

P-3

16-91

Anatomy, horse musculature, from Ruini, Carlo, Anatomia de cavallo, Bolgna, 1598. Major, 415

1

P-3

16-92

Anatomy, horse head, from Ruini, Carlo, Anatomia de cavallo, Bolgna, 1598. Major, 415

1

1

P-3

16-93

Anatomy, horse internal organs, from Ruini, Carlo, Anatomia de cavallo, Bolgna, 1598. Major, 415

1

1

P-3

16-94

Caesarian section? "Suetonius, vitae," Venice, 1510

1

P-3

16-95

King Henry, death of, 1559

1

P-3

16-97

University of Padua, anatomical theater. Major, 327, 347

1

1

P-3

16-98

Catacombs, Palermo. The catacombs were begun in 1599 when the Capuchin monks mummified one of their members to pray for him after death. Locals then demanded that their relatives by mummified for the same reason.

3

1

P-3

16-99

Surgical tools for rhinoplasty: two-headed forceps and knives used for making a short incision, De Curtorum chirurgia per insitionem, Gasparo Tagliacozzi, 1597.

1

1

P-3

16-100

Surgical tools for rhinoplasty: Three-headed forceps and knives used for making a long incision for the skin flap, De Curtorum chirurgia per insitionem, Gasparo Tagliacozzi, 1597.

1

1

P-3

16-101

Surgical tools for rhinoplasty: Forceps, knives and curved needles used for engrafting the columella, De Curtorum chirurgia per insitionem, Gasparo Tagliacozzi, 1597.

1

1

P-3

16-102

Surgical tools for rhinoplasty: Knives and tubes used in shaping the nose, De Curtorum chirurgia per insitionem, Gasparo Tagliacozzi, 1597.

1

P-3

16-103

Sign language, from Rossellius, Cosmas, Thesaurus artificiosae memoriae& .

1

P-3

16-104

Hospital of the Knights of St. John, Malta. Major, "The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem," Ralph Major vertical file.

4

2